Human-Machine Interaction in Collaborative Learning Projects New Models of Role Distribution between Students and AI

Sadokat Safoeva

doi:10.59022/IRSHAD-ujldp.4

Authors

Sadokat Safoeva Tashkent State University of Law Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59022/IRSHAD-ujldp.4

Keywords:

Human-Machine Interaction, Collaborative Learning, Role Distribution, Artificial Intelligence, Academic Accountability, Fairness Perception, Educational Technology Governance

Abstract

Artificial intelligence increasingly works alongside students within collaborative learning projects, raising fresh questions about role distribution. Classrooms once assumed only human members held decision-making responsibility, yet generative tools now shape planning, drafting, and problem-solving directly. This gap forms the background for this study. The research aimed to examine current role patterns, develop a structured distribution model, and assess how clarity affects fairness, accountability, and learning outcomes between students and artificial intelligence. A qualitative, doctrinal approach guided the study, relying on document analysis of scholarly literature and applicable regulatory frameworks. Results show that students and artificial intelligence divide tasks along predictable lines, with drafting shifting toward AI while judgment remains largely human. Clear roles strengthened accountability, fairness perceptions, and learning outcomes across collaborative teams. The study recommends structured disclosure practices and reflective AI use within classroom policy. These findings support building fairer, transparent collaborative learning environments for future educational technology governance.

References

Alkalbani, M. M. (2024). The contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) applications to collaborative learning projects and role distribution. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2532-1_7

AllahRakha, N. (2023a). AI and the law: Unraveling the complexities of regulatory frameworks in Europe. International Bulletin of Young Scientist, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59022/ibys.115

AllahRakha, N. (2023b). Artificial intelligence and HR management. International Journal of Management and Finance, 1(1). https://irshadjournals.com/index.php/ijmf/article/view/25

AllahRakha, N. (2025). AI and corruption: Legal liability in algorithmic decision-making. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 8(3), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-8.3-a000120

Ansari, S. R., & Qamari, I. N. (2025). Artificial intelligence and students' cognitive learning outcomes with bibliometric and content analysis for future research agenda. Discover Education, 4(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00865-0

Bădescu, G., Susinski, M., & Vasile, C. (2026). Preventive and restorative academic integrity in AI-assisted higher education: A critical conceptual synthesis and integrated governance framework. Education Sciences, 16(9), 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16091365

Bezcioğlu-Göktolga, I. (2025). Transforming group work: The impact of generative AI integration in an introductory research methods course. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-08-2025-0198

Chen, X., Guo, X., Xu, J., & Wu, L. (2025). How roles emerging and distribution during the SSRL process in AI-supported collaborative learning. In Proceedings of the 2025 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (pp. 1–8). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3797552.3797636

Chiu, T. K. F. (2025). Encouraging human-AI collaboration in interactive learning environments. Interactive Learning Environments. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2471199

Chiu, T. K. F., King, R. B., & Chai, C. S. (2024). The impact of Generative AI (GenAI) on practices, policies and research in education. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(8), 4293–4310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2253861

Cukurova, M. (2026). What do you mean by 'human–AI collaboration'? A learning sciences perspective. Artificial Intelligence Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11572-z

Dang, B., Huynh, L., Gul, F., Rosé, C., Järvelä, S., & Nguyen, A. (2025). Human–AI collaborative learning in mixed reality: Examining the cognitive and socio-emotional interactions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(5), 2078–2101. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13607

Daryanto, T. (2026). Uncovering the role of AI agent and the value of human partner in collaborative learning. Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791087

Du, Z., Dankina, G., Zhou, Z., Imanberdiev, D., & Karabalaeva, G. (2026). The influence of artificial intelli-gence on collaborative learning dynamics in the classroom environment. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 13, 102892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102892

Gong, R. (2024). Roles emerging during the knowledge construction process in collaborative learning: Does a generative AI-support chatbot matter? Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 8(CSCW2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3702163.3702165

Guo, W., Liang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2025). Student-AI collaborative creative problem-solving: The role of human agency. Computers & Education, 239, 105433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105433

Gürbüz, M. Ç. (2025). The relationship between peer learning and self-directed learning in AI-supported collaborative environments. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1724725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1724725

Hao, Z., Jiang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Student-AI interaction in an LLM-empowered learning environment: A cluster analysis of engagement profiles. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.01694

Jiang, Y. (2025). AI-augmented co-design in healthcare: Log-based markers of role distribution in collaborative learning. JMIR Human Factors, 12, e54321. https://doi.org/10.2196/54321

Kaya, D. (2026). A socially shared regulation of learning and self-determination theory-based classification of generative artificial intelligence-mediated mathematical modeling activities. European Journal of Psychology of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-026-01085-2

Kiesler, N. (2025). The role of generative AI in software student collaboration. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.14084

Kim, J. (2022). Learning design to support student-AI collaboration. Education and Information Technologies, 27(8), 10639–10661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10831-6

Kim, J. (2026). Students' perception of generative AI-assisted collaborative learning. European Journal of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70576

Kim, M., & Lim, C. (2025). AI chatbot design principles to enhance the collective efficacy in collaborative learning. Asia Pacific Education Review, 26, 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-025-10080-z

Kong, X. (2025). Examining human–AI collaboration in hybrid intelligence learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, 5097. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05097-z

Kumar, J. A. (2026). A field in fast-forward: Thematic evolution of generative AI in collaborative learning. Quality & Quantity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-026-02982-w

Law, N. (2025). The role of generative AI in collaborative problem-solving. British Journal of Educational Technology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.70010

Li, T. (2026). The transformative collaboration of human intelligence and artificial intelligence in education. Journal of Science Education and Technology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-025-10275-4

López-Villanueva, D. (2024). Flipped learning and artificial intelligence: Redefining roles in collaborative environments. Electronics, 13(17), 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173424

Mozelius, P. (2025). Artificial intelligence in education as lifelong learning: Group work and generative AI. Education and Information Technologies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13890-1

O'Dea, X. (2026). Exploring student-AI interaction in assessment through the lens of self-regulated learning. Studies in Higher Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2026.2700435

Pan, Z., Zhang, Y., & Chen, X. (2026). A community of inquiry perspective on human–AI co-regulation in collaborative learning. Computers & Education, 245, 105707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2026.105707

Rahimi, A. R. (2026). Shaping AI-driven language learners' learning approaches in collaborative group work. Smart Learning Environments, 13, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-026-00451-3

Schwartz, E. (2026). Reality check in virtual worlds: Teacher roles across collaborative learning activities. Journal of Research on Technology in Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2026.2669826

Shulgina, G. (2025). Collaboration with AI: How group composition affects collaborative learning with artificial intelligence as a co-author. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2025.2539779

Tao, S., Lan, M., Wang, M., & Li, H. (2026). Potential risks of generative artificial intelligence integration into K-12 education: A scoping review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 10, 100561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100561

Tong, D. (2025). Exploring the role of human-AI collaboration in solving complex physics problems. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21(1), 010149. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010149

Tutal, Ö. (2026). Artificial intelligence assisted design of a novel cooperative learning model: Roles and interactions. Scientific Reports, 16, 50770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50770-1

Wan, P. (2026). A systematic review of human-machine dialogic learning. Interactive Learning Environments. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2507280

Wei, Y. (2026). Generative AI and student collaboration: A scoping review of group work processes, outcomes, and risks. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-026-00217-x

Xiao, Z., Liu, Y., & Wang, H. (2026). Human-AI collaborative learning ecosystem: Effects of multi-agent interaction on role distribution. Journal of Interactive Learning Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2692021

Xing, W. (2026). Investigating instructor and peer instructional behaviours in AI-supported collaborative learning environments. Journal of Learning Analytics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2026.9235

Zhang, F. (2025). Effects of AI teammates on learning behavior in Human-AI collaboration environments: A perspective on self-regulated learning. Education and Information Technologies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13717-z