Problems of Qualification of Criminal Offenses in the Sphere of Crypto-Assets Turnover and Mining

Bakhtiyor Primov

doi:10.59022/IRSHAD-ujldp.14

Authors

Bakhtiyor Primov Academy of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59022/IRSHAD-ujldp.14

Keywords:

Crypto-Assets, Criminal Qualification, Crypto jacking, Illegal Mining, Money Laundering, Bribery, Fungible Tokens

Abstract

Crypto-assets have created new opportunities for crime that existing criminal codes struggle to classify. Bribes, laundered funds, and stolen computing power now move through block chain networks. This study aims to examine problems of criminal qualification in crypto-assets turnover and mining. It seeks to identify gaps in offence definitions and propose a coherent liability model. The research adopts a qualitative design based on doctrinal and document analysis. It reviews Uzbek legislation, European Union regulations, Russian law, and scholarly literature. The results show that the unclear legal status of tokens weakens property and bribery offences. Laundering through mixers and non-fungible tokens escapes traditional definitions. Crypto jacking lacks a clear offence category, while illegal mining harms energy security and the environment. The study recommends recognizing crypto-assets as property for criminal purposes. It also proposes specific offences for crypt jacking and large-scale illegal mining. Clear rules would strengthen deterrence, protect victims, and support lawful digital innovation.

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